Memories...pressed between the pages of my mind... sweetened throughthe ages just like wine... precious memories...all I have now arememories...

Memories...pressed between the pages of my mind... sweetened through the ages just like wine... precious memories...all I have now are memories..., originally uploaded by neloqua.

The link between physical health and mental health continues to be reinforced, as researchers make connections demonstrating that older adults who exercise regularly and eat a healthy diet seem to preserve cognitive function longer and are generally happier people.

Two recent studies underscore that association, but in very different ways. A study published in the Nov. 9, 2009 issue of Archives of Neurology found that muscle strength is associated with a lower risk of developing mild cognitive impairment, a precursor to Alzheimer's disease. "Muscle strength also is associated with the rate of decline in cognitive function among older persons," says Patricia Boyle, PhD, a neuropsychologist with the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center in Chicago and an author of the study. "Decreased muscle strength may be an indicator of impending cognitive impairment."



A separate study, conducted by Grant Brinkworth, PhD, of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Adelaide, Australia, found that after one year, people on a low-calorie, low-fat diet reported a significantly more positive mood than those who ate a low-carbohydate diet with the same number of calories. The study, which appeared in the Nov. 9, 2009 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine, noted that weight loss among study subjects was similar in both groups, but after a temporary improvement in mood among the low-carb group, most of them eventually returned to what their mood was at the start of the year-long study.

"What we are seeing here is not increased negative mood overall following a low-carb diet, but increased duration of positive changes in the low-fat condition," says Kristen D'Anci, PhD, with the Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University. Dr. D'Anci, who did not participate in the Australian study, but has been a part of similar research, adds that the results are particularly noteworthy because they were achieved after a full year--an unusually long time for a dietary study.



FOOD AND MOOD. It's unclear exactly why the low-fat diet was associated with a more positive mood than the low-carbohydrate diet. One possible explanation suggested by researchers may be detrimental effects of higher fat intake on brain levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter related to mood and psychological functioning. However, researchers also concluded that the challenge of maintaining a more restrictive diet, particularly one that meant less volume of food available for consumption (see chart), may have helped suppress the mood of the low-carb group.


"Eating and sharing meals is an important part of our lives," Dr. D'Anci says. "Highly specialized or restricted diets can be isolating, which can affect mood."

She adds that consumers shouldn't overanalyze every bite of food on their plate, but rather eat a balanced low-fat diet and talk with their doctors about calorie control if weight loss is a serious issue. "Chronic concern about the 'right foods' and maintaining a 'good food/bad food' mentality reduces the enjoyment of one of our most basic pleasures and can negatively impact mood," Dr. D'Anci says. "Eating a precise formula of macro-nutrients ... would, in the long-term, be counterproductive."

MUSCLE AND MEMORY. Just as the Australian study couldn't definitively explain why a low-fat diet improves one's mood more than a low-carb eating plan, Dr. Boyle's study linking muscle strength and Alzheimer's risk doesn't provide a specific cause-and-effect. She suggests that the disease process that leads to Alzheimer's also contributes to diminished muscle strength and that it may be related to the mitochondria that are involved in energy production in cells.

"It's possible that the pathology of Alzheimer's disease plays a role, as it is now becoming evident that Alzheimer's pathology affects motor and physical function as well as cognition," Dr. Boyle says. "More research is greatly needed to determine the neurobiologic basis of the association of muscle strength with Alzheimer's and cognition in old age. These findings, though, do support the idea that there is a strong link between physical and brain health in aging, and suggest that maintenance of physical function is important at all ages."

FAST FACTS ABOUT FOOD VOLUME

Consuming the same number of calories on a low-carbohydate diet as you would on a low-fat diet will result in significantly less volume of food consumed.

Fat contributes more kilocalories (the correct term for the more commonly used "calorie") than protein or carbs. If you're reducing your fat intake, you're going to eat more low-calorie carbs (e.g. fruits and whole-grain breads), while the low-carb dieter will eat more calorie-dense, high-fat foods (e.g. red meat and protein bars).

* One gram of carbs contributes 4 kilocalories.

* One gram of protein contributes 4 kilocalories.

* One gram of fat contributes 9 kilocalories.

In the study cited in the article, low-carb dieters got 61 percent of their energy from fat, while the low-fat group consumed 30 percent of its calories from fat.


Prevention Is the Key

"Both of these studies are pertinent and timely in an aging population. As the population ages the health care system is facing an explosion in cost and finding qualified providers for the increased numbers of patients expected to present with cognitive decline. By far the most cost-effective and patient-effective solution to this impending explosion in cases is prevention Both of these studies reinforce that exercise and a healthy diet favorably affect multiple organ systems, including the brain. Given the obesity epidemic in America, these studies also provide evidence that programs designed to improve conditioning and diet may have favorable impacts on mood and cognition in addition to the well documented cardiovascular benefits. Additional research is required to better understand these factors."

HAROLD GOFORTH, MD, Assistant Professor-Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences-General, Department of Psychiatry, Duke

Source Citation
Goforth, Harold. "Memory and mood may depend on muscle strength and diet choices: research continues to solidify the link between physical fitness and cognitive health." Health News 16.2 (2010): 3+. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 28 Feb. 2010.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=HRCA&docId=A218660369&source=gale&srcprod=HRCA&userGroupName=broward29&version=1.0


Gale Document Number:A218660369

Disclaimer:This information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional care.

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Online Theft / Robbery

Online Theft / Robbery, originally uploaded by iQoncept.

While security vulnerability research can expose technical weaknesses that may be exploited, incident research provides

in-depth information about the most common targets, motives and attack vectors of modern hackers.

And where better to turn for a sense of where we stand today than the Web Hacking Incidents Database (WHID). Analysis of WHID

reveals that in 2009 social networks were at the greatest risk, malware and defacement remained the most common outcome of

Web attacks, and SQL injection was the most common attack vector. Here's a deeper dive on the findings and what you can do

about them.

Perhaps not surprisingly, analysis of Web hacking incidents reveals that social network sites such as Twitter and Facebook

are becoming premier targets for hackers. One in five incidents (19%) between January and June 2009 targeted social network

sites, making them the most commonly attacked market.

Many attacks on social networks involve cross-site scripting (XSS) worms. Additionally, insufficient anti-automation controls

permit hackers to brute force attack log-in credentials. In one incident, an attacker accessed a Twitter Admin account that

had a password reset tool and compromised 33 high-profile accounts, including President Obama's.

Web attacks are driven by crime. Most occur because the hacker wants money, not glory. However, in some instances, the attacks

are performed by professionals seeking to advance a cause.

In 2009, defacement of Web sites was still the number one driver for Web hacking (28%). Defacement includes visible changes

and covert changes, such as the planting of malicious code. Criminals exploit Web application vulnerabilities to plant malware

that subsequently infects clients who visit the Web site. The hacked sites become the hacker's primary method of distributing

viruses, Trojans and root kits.

On the other end of the spectrum, ideologists use the Internet to express themselves using Web hacking to deface Web sites.

The majority of defacement incidents are of a political nature, targeting political parties, candidates and government departments,

typically with a specific message related to a campaign.

Web defacements are a serious problem and a critical barometer for estimating exploitable vulnerabilities in Web sites. Defacement

statistics are valuable since they are one of the few incidents that are publicly facing and thus cannot be easily swept under

the rug.

SQL Injection remains the number one attack vector, accounting for nearly one-fifth of all security breaches (19%). These

attacks alter the contents of the back-end database and inject malicious JavaScript. Interestingly, the overall attack more

closely resembles a XXS methodology, as the end goal of the attack is to have malicious JavaScript execute within victim's

browsers to steal login credentials to other Web applications.

Attack vectors exploiting Web 2.0 features, such as user-contributed content from social media applications, are also commonly

employed: authentication abuse is the second most active attack vector (11%), and cross site request forgery (CSRF) rose to

number five (5%).

While not a new attack vector, attacks that take advantage of insufficient authentication are increasingly severe due to the

proliferation of user-contributed and managed Web sites. This is closely related to CSRF, a vulnerability that was recognized

several years ago as a potentially potent attack vector. While it took longer for CSRF to appear than expected, the rise in

CSRF incidents is in line with authentication abuse since it provides an alternative mechanism for performing actions on behalf

of a victim.

Regardless of the target, motive or vector, Web attacks seek to exploit the connectivity, complexity and extensibility of

the Internet. A lack of input validation, poor database configuration and the priority of new features over security enables

hackers to access sensitive information.

The connectivity of the Internet is a blessing and a curse. HTTP is allowed through virtually every network firewall, opening

up the network to external attackers. HTTP is also a very open protocol, which often integrates XML and SOAP inside to help

facilitate Web service functions. The explosion of Web 2.0 architectures has shattered the traditional network boundaries,

making it even more challenging to secure Web input and output.

Underscoring these issues is the fact that many internal databases are now becoming "Webified" and accessible to external

users. Properly configured databases and SQL construction is critical. Developers that are not trained in secure coding put

too much trust in user input. It is this lack of input validation that enables mass SQL Injection bots to successfully attack

databases.

Finally, the extensibility of Web applications leads to greater vulnerabilities since the priority of features usually comes

before security. All too often "scope creep" comes into play as new widgets, bells and whistles are added in the midst of

the software development life cycle. These additions should require a security review, but this rarely happens. A common complaint

heard by Web application security professionals is that implementing security to an application under development is like

trying to change a tire on a car that is still moving.

It is not enough to know about these incidents and risk factors; you must also understand how to protect the integrity of

Web applications. If you know a hurricane is approaching, it is irresponsible not to shutter your house. Likewise, if you

know Web security incidents are occurring, it is irresponsible not to protect the Web site.

An effective Web security strategy should be able to correlate Web activity to the responsible user, as well as detect abnormal

actions. Additionally, poorly coded applications that are not functioning properly or are leaking sensitive information must

be identified. Finally, operations, security and development teams should be able to quickly conduct proper incident response

by utilizing operation data to trouble shoot problems and remediate identified vulnerabilities.

Companies with these security strategies can be assured they are running a safe and secure site.

Barnett is director of application security research for Breach Security, a SANS Institute faculty member, the OWASP ModSecurity

Core Rule Set (CRS) Project Leader and also a member of the Web Application Security Consortium (WASC) where he leads the

Distributed Open Proxy Honeypot Project.

Source Citation
"The State of Web Security Issues." Network World (2010). Computer Database. Web. 28 Feb. 2010.
Document URL
http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T003&prodId=CDB&docId=A219437900&source=gale&srcprod=CDB&userGroupName=broward29&version=1.0


Gale Document Number:A219437900

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