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An award !

We are really pleased to have received this award from Elanor . Thank you so much for thinking of us Elanor. It really made my day!



The rules of the award are as follows:
1)The winner may put the logo on their blog.
2)Put a link to the person who sent you the award.
3)Nominate 10 blogs.
4)Put a link to their blogs.
5)Leave a message for your nominees

So here goes my list!
Joni
Laurie
Clare
Devon Dumpling
Floss
Maggie
Lisa
Lucy
Sweet cottage dreams
Isabelle

There were a great many more I would like to have chosen but not only am I limited to 10 but the sun is shining and I am very keen to leave the computer and get out to do some much needed gardening!

Bye for now...

Gastropods

Gastropods of the Volutidae family have been identified as a potential resource for artisanal diving and trawling fisheries in north patagonic gulfs (Ciocco 1995, Ciocco 1999) and for the semi-industrial trawling fleet centered in Mar del Plata (north coast of Argentina) (Lasta et al. 1998). The most common volutid species in Argentinean coasts are: Zidona dufresnei (Donovan, 1832), Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gmelin, 1791), Adelomelon ancilla (Solander, 1786), Adelomelon brasiliana (Lamarck, 1811) and Adelomelon beckii (Broderip, 1836). The only commercially exploited species recorded until now is Z. dufresnei from Mar del Plata coasts, with landings of up to 1,700 tons in 1997 (Lasta et al. 1998, Gimenez et al. 2005). In the gulfs of northern Patagonia, the catches of the "tehuelche scallop" Aequipecten tehuelchus (d'Orbigny, 1846) are considered the only mollusc fisheries of significance for local economies (Ciocco et al. 2006). In the case of volutid snails, regular commercial landings are still infrequent in Patagonian coasts, with the exception of sporadic small catches. However, in other regions of the world marine gastropods are starting to be incorporated as new fishery resources because of their high economic value. This can lead to overexploitation and, because of the biological fragility of this kind of resource, to the collapse of the fisheries in some cases (Tegner 1989, Castilla 1996, Hobday et al. 2001). The study of reproductive cycles and population dynamics of fisheries resources is necessary when stating management policies. In the last years reproductive biology of Argentinean volutids have been studied (Gimenez & Penchaszadeh 2002, Gimenez & Penchaszadeh 2003, Miloslavich et al. 2003, Cledon et al. 2005a, Bigatti 2005; Arrighetti & Penchaszadeh 2006, Bigatti et al. in press) as well as ecology and longevity of some species (Gimenez et al. 2004, Cledon et al. 2005b, Bigatti et al. 2007). Some of these species are present in northern patagonic gulfs, so the previous knowledge achieved must be taken into account when assessing the sustainability of the fisheries of these potential resources.

In this study we explore the availability of volutid snails in the coasts of Chubut Province (Patagonia, Argentina) and suggest the first management rules for potential diving artisanal fisheries targeting this resource.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To detect areas with volutids availability compatible with commercial shellfish catches, prospecting surveys in the southwest of the San Matias (SMG) and the San Jorge (SJG) Gulfs were performed (Fig. 1). Studied area in SMG was delimitated from Puerto Lobos (42[degrees]00'S, 65[degrees]04'W) and the region comprised between Barranca Blanca and Punta Quiroga (42[degrees]13'S; 64[degrees]40'W); in SJG sampling was done between Punta Castillos (65[degrees]56'W) and Punta San Roque (65[degrees]39'W). A total of 32 transects were performed in SJG and 29 in SMG (Fig. 1). Those were defined between 2-5 to 20-25 m depth, perpendicularly to the line coast, each 1' (latitude = 1,800 m; longitude [[approximately equal to] 1,200 m), or fraction (30" or 15") according to coast line characteristics. Observations were made by a SCUBA diver that was "trawled" using a boat at a speed of 3 to 5 km [h.sup.-1]. Each transect included 150-m length semitransects, in which the diver counted and registered underwater the number of snails observed in a band wide of 1 m. Stock assessment estimations were carried out from the number of snails recorded at each transect using equations to estimate total N and associated standard error from surveys data in simple random sampling following Thompson (1999). Mean individual wet weight by gulf (all captured individuals from different species grouped) was assigned to the estimated total N to calculate total biomass. Additionally, in SJG experimental catches using snail traps with bait were done; 5 to 20 traps were anchored at different depths for 3 to 6 h. In the transects with higher snail densities and commercial possibilities, CPUE was estimated by a diver fishing snails by hand during 5 min, and extrapolating results to kg [diver.sup.-1] [hour.sup.-1]. Shell length (precision: 0.1 mm) and wet weight (precision: 0.1 g) of all snails caught during the CPUE sampling were registered. For the species O. magellanica and A. ancilla foot performance weight percentage was calculated as: (foot wet mass/total wet mass) x 100. In the case of Z. dufresnei we use the foot performance reported by Gimenez et al. (2005).


On the other hand a survey between fishermen and restaurant owners was performed to assess the sale price of snails in the zone.

RESULTS

San Matias Gulf (SMG)

A total of 158 semitransects were done, prospecting 23,700 [m.sup.2] by direct visual counting (Fig. 1A). The following species were registered (Fig. 2A): Zidona dufresnei (65.2% of total snails registered), Odontocymbiola magellanica (24.6%), Adelomelon beckii (8.7%), and Adelomelon ancilla (1.4%). In the oriental zone (from Barranca Blanca to Pta. Quiroga area) the volutids density (all the species together) was up to 0.2 ind. [m.sup.-2], whereas the biomass oscillated between 50-80 g [m.sup.-2]. For Z. dufresnei the estimated CPUE ranged between 33-110 Kg [diver.sup.-1] [h.sup.-1], with specimens of more than 200 mm in shell length and a mean individual weight of 500 g. In only one case (transect 27, located near the east end of the explored area) a CPUE of 65.85 Kg [diver.sup.-1] [h.sup.-1] was recorded for the group of A. beckii, A. ancilla, and Z. dufresnei (Fig. 2D). The biggest individual of A. beckii captured weighed 3,175 g with a shell length of 365 mm. Estimated total N in the SMG surveyed area (equivalent to 30.9 [Km.sup.2]) was 150,066 ([+ or -]46,485) individuals, representing in general terms a mean of 0.5 snails/100 [m.sup.2] and a biomass of 89.7 ([+ or -]28.9) tons (Table 1).

San Jorge Gulf (SJG)

A total of 192 semitransects were performed by direct visual counting, covering an area of 28,800 [m.sup.2]. At the same time 65 snail baited traps were submerged. Relevant concentrations of A. ancilla (64% of total snails counted) and O. magellanica (36%; Fig. 2B) were detected in Bahia Huevo and Bahia Cayetano, with maximum densities of 0.2-0.3 ind. [m.sup.-2], whereas the snail biomass ranged from 45-65 g [m.sup.-2]. In Bahia Cayetano, medium shell length for A. ancilla was 147 mm (SD = 20.8; n = 16) and for O. magellanica 151 mm (SD = 9.9; n = 9). Medium individual weight for both species together was 285.32 g (SD = 60.85; n = 11). The estimated CPUE for both species together oscillated between 29-89 Kg [diver.sup.-1] [hr.sup.-1], and the mean for the species group was 59.5 Kg [diver.sup.-1] [hr.sup.-1] (Fig. 2D). No volutids were caught in the 65 snail baited traps. Estimated total N in the SJG surveyed area (equivalent to 16.6 [Km.sup.2]) was 155,550 ([+ or -]66,752) individuals, representing a mean of 0.9 snails/100 [m.sup.2] and 44.4 ([+ or -]19.2) tons of volutid biomass (Table 1).

Foot Performance and Commercialization

The muscular foot weight (used for human consumption) represents around 40% to 45% of the total weight for O. magellanica and A. ancilla (Fig. 2C) in both gulfs.

In the Chubut Province there has not been massive commercialization of volutid snails until present. Consumption is restricted to local restaurants and families. The sale price of O. magellanica reported by artisanal fishermen in Riacho San Jose (San Jose Gulf, approximately 100 Km south from SMG) is around 0.30 US dollars per unit, which gives a mean of 6.50 US dollars per Kg of fresh foot meat (without the shell) or 4 US dollars per Kg (entire animal) when sold to restaurants or locally consumers.

DISCUSSION

Marine snails represents approximately 2% of the molluscs global catches, and several gastropod genera such as Haliotis, Concholepas, Strombus, and Busycon show high economic values in international markets and play substantial roles in small scale artisanal fisheries (Leiva & Castilla 2002). In the north patagonic gulfs, marine snails are still captured occasionally and are consumed locally. In Argentina and Uruguay, Z. dufresnei occurring in the fishing area common to both countries, has been exploited for the last 30 y (Gimenez et al. 2005). The mean price of Z. dufresnei in the Argentinean internal market is 2-2.5 US dollars/Kg (Ciocco 1999). The sale price of O. magellanica (4 US dollars/Kg) for local consumption reported in this work is quite similar to that of Z. dufresnei. On the other hand, overall growth performance (OGP) of Z. dufresnei and O. magellanica is within the range of other commercial snails from temperate regions (Cledon et al. 2005b, Bigatti et al. 2007), which would make profitable its commercialization.



According to the registered abundances, the snails that could be commercially exploited in the SMG would be mainly Z. dufresnei followed by O. magellanica. Performances observed in the catches of Z. dufresnei set this resource as a support of a novelty fishery in the zone between Barranca Blanca and Punta Quiroga, area where 88.4% of the total volutid biomass estimated from SMG is concentrated, which results in around 79 tons of Z. dufresnei. Although individuals of A. beckii bigger than 3 Kg of total weight were registered in the zone, the observed densities are low, suggesting that the fishing of this species would not be profitable. Even though volutids present high sizes and somatic production, their slow growth rate, their late sexual maturity, and direct development lacking a free swimming larvae stage make this group extremely vulnerable to overexploitation (Bigatti et al. 2007), which would result in the loss of an important link in the trophic webs of the shallow waters benthic communities from north Patagonia.

The foot of Z. dufresnei represents 60% of the total body weight and is the only portion that is consumed (Gimenez et al. 2005), whereas the foot of O. magellanica and A. ancilla representing approximately 40% to 45% of the total body weight. Although the performance is higher in Z. dufresnei, fishing of all these species could be done alternatively, allowing the sustainable growing of the populations. In the SMG the CPUE value for the group of all the volutes was 65.85 kg [diver.sup.-1] [h.sup.-1] (A. beckii, A. ancilla, and Z. dufresnei), whereas in the SJG the CPUE was 59.5 kg [diver.sup.-1] [h.sup.-1] (A. ancilla and O. magellanica). Taking into account that the mean yield of all the species is around 50%, it could be obtained a mean CPUE of fresh meat of 32 kg [diver.sup.-1] [h.sup.-1]. In the SJG A. ancilla and O. magellanica could be a complementary target of a potential clam fisheries in the zone. By means of seasonal alternation of target species [the "red octopus," Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Gould, 1852), and infralitoral bivalves as the hard shell clam Protothaca antiqua (King and Broderip, 1832)] the local availability of resources could support a multispecific small scale fishery.



The fact that no snails were caught in the baited traps in SJG could be related to the feeding mechanism of the Volutidae family in the norpatagonic gulfs. O. magellanica feeds mainly on live molluscs that are previously narcotized by means of a salivary liquid produced by the predator salivary and accessory salivary glands; the feeding on carrion was registered at a low rate (Bigatti 2005).

Gimenez et al. (2005) propose a minimum capture size of 16 cm for Z. dufresnei on the coasts of Mar del Plata (north coast of Argentina) taking into account the first maturity size: 15 cm for males and 15.7 cm for females. These sizes correspond to individuals of 8 and 9 y old respectively (Gimenez et al. 2004). In this study, no data about reproductive season are available in the SMG, but the minimum size proposed by Gimenez et al. (2005) could be used as a parameter for the fisheries of Z. dufresnei in the Chubut province. Further studies about reproductive seasons of this species are recommended, because latitudinal (and environmental) variations lead to changes in reproductive physiology. First maturity size for O. magellanica in Nuevo Gulf (Chubut Province) is 80 mm for males and 90 mm for females (Bigatti et al. in press), corresponding to 7 and 8 y-old individuals respectively (Bigatti et al. 2007). Females lay egg capsules from July to December and embryos complete their development in 2-3 mo (Bigatti 2005). The modal wet weight of the animals is 62.8 g, reaching an age of up to 20 y; maximum individual somatic production is 29.3 g [yr.sup.-1] at a size of 145 mm (12 y old), and decrease thereafter (Bigatti et al. 2007). In the case of A. ancilla no aging studies were performed until now, but the minimum size of females observed laying egg capsules in the field is 114 mm and the minimum size of individuals analyzed with developed gonads is 102 mm in Nuevo Gulf. The main oviposition season is from June to November and intracapsular development takes approximately 3 mo in the same zone (Penchaszadeh et al. 2006).

Regarding the reproductive studies available for the species, we propose a minimum catch size of 16 cm for Z. dufresnei, 9 cm for O magellanica, and 12 cm for A. ancilla. Fisheries of A. beckii are not recommended because of the lack of reproductive and ecological studies of this species in the coasts of Chubut province and for the low density registered in the present work.

Volutid juveniles or immature individuals live mainly buried in the substratum (Bigatti 2005), which could protect them from the capture of artisanal diving fishermen or by trawling nets with mesh sizes exceeding the minimum catch sizes proposed in this paper. For the diving fisheries, instructing fishermen to discriminate between sexes by the pedal gland observation in volutid females (Aycaguer 2002, Bigatti 2005), as well as the protection of the egg capsules and females found, would help to protect the resource. In all the cases, when fished volutids are in the reproductive season, the capture of females should be avoided. These policies, together with a seasonal alternation of target species of other shellfish could support a small-scale multispecific fishery (Ciocco 1999), which would assure the stocks of artisanal volutid fisheries in the coasts of the north patagonic gulfs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the valuables comments and corrections on the manuscript made by J.M. Lobo Orensanz. Norberto de Garin and Guido Pastorino helped with maps and Mariana Lozada corrected the English version. The authors also thank Luis de Francesco for information about commercialization and Miguel A. Diaz, Ricardo Vera and Julio Rua for their help in field sampling.

LITERATURE CITED

Arrighetti, F. & P. E. Penchaszadeh. 2006. Ciclo reproductivo del caracol gigante Adelomelon beckii (Caenogasteropoda, Volutidae). VI Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar. Puerto Madryn, Argentina, Abstracts Book. pp. 107.

Aycaguer, C. 2002. Anatomia de las volutas del Atlantico Sudoccidental, I: Anatomia general y del sistema reproductor de Zidona dufresnei (Donovan, 1823) (Neogastropoda: Volutidae). Com. Soc. Malac. Urug. 76-77:159-180.

Bigatti, G. 2005. Anatomia, ecologia y reproduccion del caracol rojo Odontocymbiola magellanica (Gastropoda: Volutidae) en golfos norpatagonicos. PhD. thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. 178 pp.

Bigatti, G., P. E. Penchaszadeh & M. Cledon. 2007. Age, growth and somatic production in the volutid gastropod Odontocymbiola magellanica from Golfo Nuevo, Patagonia Argentina. Mar. Biol. 150:1199-1204.

Bigatti, G., E. M. Marzinelli & P. E. Penchaszadeh. Seasonal reproduction and sexual maturity of Odontocymbiola magellanica (Neogastropoda: Volutidae) in Patagonian shallow waters, Argentina. Invertebr. Biol. (in press).

Castilla, J. C. 1996. La futura red chilena de parques y reserves marinas y los conceptos de conservacion, preservacion y manejo en la legislacion nacional. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 69:253-270.

Ciocco, N. F. 1995. La marisqueria mediante buceo en el golfo San Jose (Chubut, Argentina). Serie: Inf. Tecnicos del Plan de Manejo Integrado de la Zona Costera Patagonica. GEF-PNUD-FPN 2. pp. 1-39.

Ciocco, N. F. 1999. Relevamiento y sistematizacion de informacion sobre mariscos de interes para la pesca artesanal en las costas de Chubut. Consejo Federal de Inversiones-Pcia. del Chubut. Technical Report. 278 pp.

Ciocco, N. F., M. L. Lasta, M. Narvarte, C. Bremec, E. Bogazzi, J. Valero & J. M. Orensanz. 2006. Scallops fisheries in Argentina. In: S. Shumway & G. Parsons, editor. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries sciences. Scallops: biology, ecology, and aquaculture. ISBN 0444504826. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publ. Co. pp. 125l-1292.

Cledon, M., W. Arntz & P. E. Penchaszadeh. 2005a. Gonadal cycle in an Adelomelon brasiliana (Neogastropoda: Volutidae) population of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Mar. Biol. 147:439-445.

Cledon, M., T. Brey, P. E. Penchaszadeh & W. Arntz. 2005b. Individual growth and somatic production in Adelomelon brasiliana (Gastropoda; Volutidae) off Argentina. Mar. Biol. 147:447-452.

Gimenez, J. & P. E. Penchaszadeh. 2002. Reproductive cycle of Zidona dufresnei. Mar. Biol. 140:755-761.

Gimenez, J. & P. E. Penchaszadeh. 2003. Size and sexual maturity in Zidona dufresnei (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Mar del Plata, Argentina). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 83:293-296.

Gimenez, J., T. Brey & P. E. Penchaszadeh. 2004. Age, growth and mortality of the prosobranch Zidona dufresnei (Donovan, 1823) in the Mar del Plata area, south-western Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 145:707-712.

Gimenez, J., M. Lasta, G. Bigatti & P. E. Penchaszadeh. 2005. Exploitation of the volute snail Zidona dufresnei (Donovan, 1823) in Argentine waters, South western Atlantic ocean. J. Shellfish Res. 24:1135-1140.

Hobday, A. J., M. J. Tegner & P. L. Haaker. 2001. Overexploitation of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate: decline of the white abalone. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10:493-514.

Lasta, M. L., N. F. Ciocco, C. S. Bremec & A. M. Roux. 1998. Moluscos Bivalvos y Gasteropodos. In: E. Boschi, editor. El Mar Argentino y sus recursos pesqueros. Los moluscos de interes pesquero. Cultivos y estrategias reproductivas de bivalvos y equinoideos. INIDEP, Mar del Plata 2. pp. 115-142.

Leiva, G. E. & J. C. Castilla. 2002. A review of the world marine gastropod fishery: evolution of catches, management and the Chilean experience. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 11:283-300.

Miloslavich, P., C. J. M. Sanchez-Antelo & P. E. Penchaszadeh. 2003. Desarrollo embrionario y contenido proteico del liquido intracapsular de Adelomelon ancilla (Lightfood, 1786) (Caenogatropoda: Volutidae). V jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar, Mar del Palta. Diciembre 2003.

Penchaszadeh, P. E., C. J. M. Sanchez-Antelo & G. Bigatti. 2006. Reproduccion y dieta del caracol Adelomelon ancilla en aguas someras del Golfo Nuevo. VI Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar, 4 al 8 de Diciembre de 2006. Puerto Madryn, Argentina. Abstracts Book. 289 pp.

Tegner, M. J. 1989. The California abalone fishery: production, ecological interactions, and prospects for the future. In: J. F. Caddy, editor. Marine invertebrate fisheries: their assessment and management. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 401-420.

Thompson, S. K. 1999. Sampling. New York: J. Wiley & Sons Inc. 343 pp.

GREGORIO BIGATTI * AND NESTOR F. CIOCCO

Centro Nacional Patagonico CENPAT-CONICET. Blvd. Brown 2825.U9120ACV. Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina

* Corresponding author. E-mail: gbigatti@cenpat.edu.ar


TABLE 1.
Volutid stock assessment.

Total Biomass
Gulf N (tons)

SMG 150,066 ([+ or -] 46,485.4) 89.7 ([+ or -] 28.9)
SJG 155,550 ([+ or -] 66,752.4) 44.4 ([+ or -] 19.2)

Mean Surveyed
Weight Area
Gulf (S) ([Km.sup.2])

SMG 597.6 ([+ or -] 53.9) 30.9
SJG 285.3 ([+ or -] 18,3) 16.6

SMG = San Matias Gulf; SJG = San Jorge Gulf; standard error
between parenthesis.

Mean weight corresponding to SMG was estimated from 69 snails
(45 Z. dufresnei; 17 O. magellanica; 6 A. beckii; 1 A. ancilla), and
Mean weight from the SJG estimated from 11 snails (7 A. ancilla; 4
O. magellanica).

Figure 2. (A) Percentage of species sampled in SMG; (B) percentage of
species sampled in SJG; (C) foot performance (% of foot weight from
total weight); (D) CPUE for all the species together in SMG and sJG.

San Matias Gulf species

Zidona dufresnei 63.5, 64%
Odontocymbiola
magallanica 26.4, 26%
Adalomelon beckii 8.7, 9%
Adalomelon ancilla 1.4, 1%

San Jorge Gulf species

Odontocymbiola magallanica 64, 64%
Adelomelon ancilla 36, 36%


Note: Table made from bar graph.


Source Citation:Bigatti, Gregorio, and Nestor F. Ciocco. "Volutid snails as an alternative resource for artisanal fisheries in northern patagonic gulfs: availability and first suggestions for diving catches.(Report)." Journal of Shellfish Research 27.2 (April 2008): 417(5). InfoTrac Environmental Issues and Policy eCollection. Gale. BROWARD COUNTY LIBRARY. 29 May 2009
.


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Len Wilson

Dojo

Paul Walker uses mixed martial arts to raise his game in adventure sports. You can do the same, whatever your sport. Pick one of these disciplines and find the nearest dojo at www.martialinfo.com, where you can search by ZIP code. --David Schipper

KARATE This East Asian discipline focuses on kicking, striking, and blocking with the hands, feet, arms, and legs. Useful in: Tennis, racquetball, and baseball

AIKIDO This Japanese art of self-defense uses body twists and throwing techniques to turn an attacker's momentum against him. Useful in: Football, soccer, and golf

JUDO The objective is to cleanly throw, pin, or master an opponent through pressure-point holds. Useful in: Wrestling and mountain climbing

KUNG FU Traced back to 1111 b.c., it's based on the fighting styles of animals (including the dragon, frog, horse, and snake). Useful in: Surfing, snowboarding, and skiing.




Source Citation:Schipper, David. "Combat training." Men's Health 20.8 (Oct 2005): 186. Military and Intelligence Database. Gale. BROWARD COUNTY LIBRARY. 29 May 2009
.
Gale Document Number:A142477207

Disclaimer:This information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional care.



(Web-Page) http://judo.member2008.googlepages.com/

(Album / Profile) http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=10023&id=1661531726&l=792eaa11b1

Sincerely,
leonard.wilson2008@hotmail.com
Len Wilson


United States Judo Association - USJA

Dojo

Paul Walker uses mixed martial arts to raise his game in adventure sports. You can do the same, whatever your sport. Pick one of these disciplines and find the nearest dojo at www.martialinfo.com, where you can search by ZIP code. --David Schipper

KARATE This East Asian discipline focuses on kicking, striking, and blocking with the hands, feet, arms, and legs. Useful in: Tennis, racquetball, and baseball

AIKIDO This Japanese art of self-defense uses body twists and throwing techniques to turn an attacker's momentum against him. Useful in: Football, soccer, and golf

JUDO The objective is to cleanly throw, pin, or master an opponent through pressure-point holds. Useful in: Wrestling and mountain climbing

KUNG FU Traced back to 1111 b.c., it's based on the fighting styles of animals (including the dragon, frog, horse, and snake). Useful in: Surfing, snowboarding, and skiing.




Source Citation:Schipper, David. "Combat training." Men's Health 20.8 (Oct 2005): 186. Military and Intelligence Database. Gale. BROWARD COUNTY LIBRARY. 29 May 2009
.
Gale Document Number:A142477207

Disclaimer:This information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional care.



(Web-Page) http://judo.member2008.googlepages.com/

(Album / Profile) http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=10023&id=1661531726&l=792eaa11b1

Sincerely,
leonard.wilson2008@hotmail.com
Len Wilson


United States Judo Association - USJA

Dojo

Paul Walker uses mixed martial arts to raise his game in adventure sports. You can do the same, whatever your sport. Pick one of these disciplines and find the nearest dojo at www.martialinfo.com, where you can search by ZIP code. --David Schipper

KARATE This East Asian discipline focuses on kicking, striking, and blocking with the hands, feet, arms, and legs. Useful in: Tennis, racquetball, and baseball

AIKIDO This Japanese art of self-defense uses body twists and throwing techniques to turn an attacker's momentum against him. Useful in: Football, soccer, and golf

JUDO The objective is to cleanly throw, pin, or master an opponent through pressure-point holds. Useful in: Wrestling and mountain climbing

KUNG FU Traced back to 1111 b.c., it's based on the fighting styles of animals (including the dragon, frog, horse, and snake). Useful in: Surfing, snowboarding, and skiing.




Source Citation:Schipper, David. "Combat training." Men's Health 20.8 (Oct 2005): 186. Military and Intelligence Database. Gale. BROWARD COUNTY LIBRARY. 29 May 2009
.
Gale Document Number:A142477207

Disclaimer:This information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional care.



(Web-Page) http://judo.member2008.googlepages.com/

(Album / Profile) http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=10023&id=1661531726&l=792eaa11b1

Sincerely,
leonard.wilson2008@hotmail.com
Len Wilson


United States Judo Association - USJA

Obama Adm Orders Suit Dropped in Voter Suppression Case

Election day 2008. The opponents are John McCain and Barack Obama. McCain, a white male, former POW during Vietnam, current Senator from Arizona and Republican candidate for President. Barack Obama, a black male and former community organizer in Chicago Illinois, and current Senator from Illinois and Democrat candidate for President.

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the New Black Panther Organization has three men at a polling station. They are dressed in their new military type uniforms. They are carrying dangerous weapons, using racial slurs and insults while carrying dangerous weapons to scare would be voters and those there to assist the voters. One of the panthers was overheard telling a white poll watcher “You are about to be ruled by the black man, cracker.” Doesn’t this show racism? A hate crime?
.
These men were being sued by the government for violating the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Career lawyers with the justice department have been pursuing this for five months. Yes, I said they were. Not are. Were. Past tense. The career lawyers were told by the political appointees of President Obama’s to drop it.

For all of the complaints about the militia organizations around the country, that is constantly laid at the feet of the Republicans, I would think that the last thing the Democrats would want to be involved with, and especially Obama, is a radical group that intimidates people into not voting. This Black Panther Organization might better be named the new KKK.

When have you seen the Michigan militia in Detroit in military garb, brandishing weapons, intimidating people that dared to show up to exercise their one chance every four years to have a say in their government?

Yes, there was voter intimidation in the past. Black people were intimidated and threatened. It led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. That law, and all laws apply to all Americans regardless of skin color or gender. It did not apply only to those that didn’t have white skin. In other words, two wrongs do not make a right.

Now, we have a President of the United States ordering lawyers that are career lawyers, not to pursue a suit that would punish those that violated the law. There is no reason given. If they said it was because they didn’t want to start racial tensions again, fine. I could live with that. I wouldn’t agree with it, but at least there would be a stated reason. We are left to think of our own reasons why this would be done. The fact is, we don’t know if there is a good reason, but what we do know is that those three Black Panther members may have violated the law and should be tried for their actions and brought before a jury of their peers, the American citizens.

For all of the talk of the Democrat party about eliminating racism in this country, at every turn, they are advancing racism. Obama seems to be the worst of the group. First he nominates for the Supreme Court, a woman that has a record of racist comments and admitting that she uses her own heritage in her courts. Now we have people that are intimidating with language, weapons and threats if someone doesn’t vote the way they want them to vote.

President Bush is still under threat of investigation for firing 8 Justice Department lawyers. Never mind that President Clinton fired 53 when he became President. Now we have the political appointees of the Obama administration telling career lawyers to drop the suit against people that were stopping Americans from voting based on their skin color.

Another freedom lost under this President, and this one directly related to racist activities. He’s only been in office for four months. How many freedoms can he remove from the American people, ALL American people, in three years and 8 months that he still has left in his term?

I was only a child when the civil rights marches were going on. I was just becoming aware of current events. But even at that early age, in the mid to late 60’s, I knew it was wrong what was happening to black people in the south. This action by the New Black Panthers is just as wrong. It’s childish of this President to order this suit stopped. The only thing it will accomplish is to create more of it.

People had better wake up to what this man is doing to this country or we’re going to find ourselves in a situation that cannot be corrected without having to rebuild the country down to its very foundation.

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/may/29/career-lawyers-overruled-on-voting-case/?feat=home_cube_position1

You’re welcome to comment.

Brett

Engagement Photos in Provo Utah

Awesomeness overload over and over again. Thanks guys for your wonderful smiles.

Click images to enlarge

A slice of pride pie...

So we know you shouldn't brag about yourself, but is it o.k. to brag about your kids? We think of our paper lines as our children so we feel inclined to brag a little. It's been a few months since CHA but the June 2009 issue of Creating Keepsakes had something in it that made us smile. Mimosa was voted CK's #1 Favorite Find from CHA! This was their reason for loving it so much:

"With its warm, pink tones, big flowers
and beautiful, golden highlights, this Mimosa
line reminds us of a splendid summer morning."

We were pretty excited to see that we were given this celebrated award. With summer here and beautiful weather, it's a great time to use Mimosa. Have a tea party, make some invitations, frame some gorgeous pictures on a layout... Whatever your summer needs are, Mimosa can be your best friend.

The Nominee is: No Surprise

This week, President Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor to be the next Supreme Court Justice. This should come as no surprise. Obama had a guideline to follow. First, Liberal. Second, Hispanic, and third female. Not one of these criteria is a surprise. Obama was the most liberal member of Congress before becoming President.

Sotomayor has the reputation of being a bit of a bully on the courts she’s served and not all that bright. She has been overturned by the Supreme Court on three of her five majority writings. That is likely to increase with the New Haven, Connecticut case under review by the Supreme Court.

She is also caught on tape talking about setting policy at the Appeals Court level, which would make her an activist judge. Exactly what America has been complaining about in recent years.

The media makes much of the fact that Sotomayor was appointed by President H.W. Bush to the District Court in 1991. What they don’t tell you is that there was a huge backlog in selecting judges in the Senate. In an attempt to get appointments moved forward Senator Al D’Amato and Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan worked out a deal. D’Amato would choose five and Moynihan would choose two, and President Bush (41) would appoint them. Sotomayor was one of Moynihans two choices.

She is qualified for the Supreme Court. But then so are most of us. There is no requirement to be a lawyer, judge or anything other than being an American and appointed by the President with the Advise and Consent of the Senate.

Regarding appointing activist judges, or those that would legislate from the bench, I urge you to read Federalist papers number 76, 77, and 78.

I consider this a racist pick of a racist person. From the day that Judge Souter announced he was leaving, the media told us that Obama was likely to choose an Hispanic woman because there have been no Hispainics on the court and there was only one woman.

I don’t remember mention of even one man being considered, not one black person being considered and not one white man being considered. Even the National Football League has to make a show of hiring a coach. They are required to interview at least one black man to coach, even if they have no intention of hiring him.

I have yet to see one comment from anyone in the news or in the government say that the person chosen should be the most qualified choice. The concern has been race, and gender and then of course Obama added the qualification of empathy which I can’t find in any description of any judge at any post anywhere.

So why do I consider Sotomayor a racist and sexist? That’s a simple answer. She said
“I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn’t lived that life”.

Look at Lady Justice. Our symbol for the law in this country. She wears a blindfold. The blindfold is signifying hearing the issue and applying the law to the issue and not to the persons race, gender, stature in life to help with the decision making process. A judge is to rule on the law.

She will likely be confirmed. I doubt that the Republicans have the courage to challenge her substantively. They won’t be able to stand up to the calls of racism that the liberals will certainly throw at them if they dare as a hard question.

When Republicans nominate someone for the Supreme Court, the first question is always ‘what is their position on abortion?’ Have you heard this question put to her or anyone in the White House? It’s interesting that for all of the concern about how Republican Presidents will nominate pro-life judges, still after all of these years, abortion is still legal. We’ve had O’Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Roberts, and Alito all appointed since the 80’s and still abortion is the law of the land. Granted, Souter turned out to be a liberal member of the court, but the Supreme Court has been fairly Conservative the past 30 years and still no change.

It’s likely the only way this inferior nominee misses out confirmation for the Supreme Court it will only be because she steps in it during her testimony. There are very many more qualified for this position. Male or Female, all Americans that are more qualified.

You’re welcome to comment.

Brett

(Web-Page) http://judo.member2008.googlepages.com/



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Len Wilson





United States Judo Association - USJA

(Web-Page) http://judo.member2008.googlepages.com/



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Sincerely,

leonard.wilson2008@hotmail.com

Len Wilson





United States Judo Association - USJA

(Web-Page) http://judo.member2008.googlepages.com/



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Sincerely,

leonard.wilson2008@hotmail.com

Len Wilson





United States Judo Association - USJA

baby blocks

As you might have learned in our introductions last year, Maria really likes babies. To our surprise she announced to us earlier this year that she was having a baby! As soon as we knew, we decided that we wanted to make her something really special. When she found out that she was having a baby boy we knew we wanted to use chick-a-doo.

Chick-a-doo has these great monograms and how cute would they be as blocks? Pia had a an electric saw at home and cut 3.5" x 3.5" squares from wood. There were 4 of us in the art room so we scrambled up the alphabet and each took home 6 or 7 wooden blocks. We decorated them individually with paint, patterned paper, velvet paper and of course the monogram alphabet. Maria was so surprised when we gave them to her and we all loved looking at how each person executed their individual design on the blocks. It's really a simple project (max. time= 2 hours/person) and a fun way to give a group gift to a special friend.

Maria's older boy hasn't stopped playing with the blocks. He's warming them up for his baby brother. Since they're a larger size block, they're really fun to build with. Hope you like this gift idea as much as we did!

Global Awareness & Local Activation

Hello World!

Today I will dare to talk about myself in order to introduce myself and hopefully gain some credibility among readers of eco friendly lifestyle blog.

My name is Mojca, 23 years old Slovenian, Balkan routed European and citizen of the Globe. To provide you more with technical data: full time student of economics - finance and banking, working since age of 19, did a bit of traveling, studying abroad in Switzerland, with general interest in sustainability, literature, music and crafts, currently writing diploma thesis entitled "A project of transformation process from integrated production to organic fruit growing based on fruit growing farm Frešer" as one of the my first community activation as well as living today - healthy, grateful and happily.

The song "Living Darfur" from previous post made me think where this global awareness starts and what should be the correct respond to it. Africa has always been a continent I felt empathy with since the inequity is so obvious: smiles are so pure, great music with rhythms that makes you swing your hips, Nature is wild and animals and man live together through sentries BUT issues like enslaving , apartheid, guns, water wars, AIDS, children army, drugs, oil wars, materials wars, selling off the land... are affecting everyone living today.

I was deeply touched by the work of Tomo Križnar at one of his evening talks with presenting his movie called "Darfur: War for Water". After the movie he explained the current situation in Darfur - meanwhile his soul was weeping, you could see it in his eyes, but he cured it with a smile, with a look that clearly announced his strength, his courage and his passion to fight for better tomorrow. A look I will never forget. So, what he actually did few days after that presentation was, that he took some of old computers that nobody wanted to use anymore and took them to Darfur, teach people how to use the media and through internet give them opportunity to spread their voice around the World; somehow to teach the worldwide public about their current situation.

Soon after that I felt the need to learn more about current situations worldwide. Unfortunately Darfur is far from being the only one. I founded out there is a "school of political literacy "organized by association for development of humanity which organizes lectures once a week in Maribor, Slovenia. One of the first lectures I have visited was "About Africa differently" by mag. Eyachew Tefera from Ethiopia. He pointed out very diverse problems concerning Africa, including the incomplete knowledge about African geography. What he also said was "help your country and by that you will help Africa". Europe is not prepared for mass invasion of African refugees that might appear here one day as well as we are not aware that might come a day when Europe will get cold and Sahara will get green again because of the global warming.

If we feel the global heart, we understand that sustainable development needs to start taking part in three pillars: social, ecological and economical. I do believe we all need to activate in local participation, in our own communities, where output can be seen and shown not only today, but also tomorrow. How? This is what I will try to discuss in my next blog entries.

To life!

ps. looking forward to your feedback

Global Awareness & Local Activation

Hello World!

Today I will dare to talk about myself in order to introduce myself and hopefully gain some credibility among readers of eco friendly lifestyle blog.

My name is Mojca, 23 years old Slovenian, Balkan routed European and citizen of the Globe. To provide you more with technical data: full time student of economics - finance and banking, working since age of 19, did a bit of traveling, studying abroad in Switzerland, with general interest in sustainability, literature, music and crafts, currently writing diploma thesis entitled "A project of transformation process from integrated production to organic fruit growing based on fruit growing farm Frešer" as one of the my first community activation as well as living today - healthy, grateful and happily.

The song "Living Darfur" from previous post made me think where this global awareness starts and what should be the correct respond to it. Africa has always been a continent I felt empathy with since the inequity is so obvious: smiles are so pure, great music with rhythms that makes you swing your hips, Nature is wild and animals and man live together through sentries BUT issues like enslaving , apartheid, guns, water wars, AIDS, children army, drugs, oil wars, materials wars, selling off the land... are affecting everyone living today.

I was deeply touched by the work of Tomo Križnar at one of his evening talks with presenting his movie called "Darfur: War for Water". After the movie he explained the current situation in Darfur - meanwhile his soul was weeping, you could see it in his eyes, but he cured it with a smile, with a look that clearly announced his strength, his courage and his passion to fight for better tomorrow. A look I will never forget. So, what he actually did few days after that presentation was, that he took some of old computers that nobody wanted to use anymore and took them to Darfur, teach people how to use the media and through internet give them opportunity to spread their voice around the World; somehow to teach the worldwide public about their current situation.

Soon after that I felt the need to learn more about current situations worldwide. Unfortunately Darfur is far from being the only one. I founded out there is a "school of political literacy "organized by association for development of humanity which organizes lectures once a week in Maribor, Slovenia. One of the first lectures I have visited was "About Africa differently" by mag. Eyachew Tefera from Ethiopia. He pointed out very diverse problems concerning Africa, including the incomplete knowledge about African geography. What he also said was "help your country and by that you will help Africa". Europe is not prepared for mass invasion of African refugees that might appear here one day as well as we are not aware that might come a day when Europe will get cold and Sahara will get green again because of the global warming.

If we feel the global heart, we understand that sustainable development needs to start taking part in three pillars: social, ecological and economical. I do believe we all need to activate in local participation, in our own communities, where output can be seen and shown not only today, but also tomorrow. How? This is what I will try to discuss in my next blog entries.

To life!

ps. looking forward to your feedback

Judo

The growing popularity of sports and exercise is focusing attention on the injuries that may occur in addition to the health benefits.[1,6] Treating sports injuries may be expensive, so preventive strategies and measures are required on economic as well as medical grounds.[7-9] Several epidemiological surveys have outlined the frequency and types of injuries in various sports, but study comparisons are complicated by the different injury criteria used as well as by inconsistency in data collection and recording.[10] The risk of acute injury varies enormously. Most endurance sports are extremely safe, whereas formula 1 car racing killed 69 of a small group of drivers between 1950 and 1994. Injury rates in popular team games such as soccer, volleyball, basketball, and ice hockey lie between these extremes.[11] Martial arts such as judo and karate are also becoming popular, and the associated risks may be greater than in most team games.[11 12] Though endurance sports may cause the highest rates of stress injury, these rarely result in permanent disability.

Before embarking on a programme to prevent sports injuries we must first define the extent of the problem and identify the mechanisms and factors involved. Then we must introduce measures likely to reduce the risks and monitor their effects. Research shows that strategies to prevent sports injuries may be useful and that most interventions effective enough to measurably alter injury profiles in various sports entail changing rules or improving equipment.[5 13 14] In soccer, safety interventions and improved treatment of injuries and rehabilitation may prevent future injury.[15 16]

We analysed the types and severity of acute injuries in some common team games (soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball) as well as in judo and karate and compared the apparent injury risks between these sports. This information is crucial for prioritising measures in sports injury prevention.

Subjects and methods

From 1987 to 1991 anyone in Finland intending to compete in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, or karate was obliged to obtain a licence from the appropriate sports association. During the study period all licences issued to soccer and ice hockey players as well as those issued to judo and karate competitors were linked to an insurance policy from a single company (Pohjola Insurance Company Ltd) covering acute onset sports injuries. Among basketball players the insurance was not compulsory. For volleyball players the insurance was compulsory from 1987 to 1990 but not during 199 1. However, about two thirds of basketball and volleyball players had the insurance linked to their sports licence even when it was not compulsory. This study is therefore based on 621 691 person years of exposure among athletes with a sports licence linked to insurance (see table 1). Exact data on age and sex of the insured athletes at the beginning of each person year of exposure were available for 1990 and 1991 in all the sports except basketball. Thus the analysis of injury rates by age and sex was limited to five sports and two years (23 363 injuries during 250 291 person years of exposure; see table 2).

Table 1-Person years of exposure, numbers of injuries,
and injury rate in six sports in Finland (sports insurance
data 1987-91) Injury rate
Person years No of (95% confidence
Sport of exposure injuries interval)([dagger])Soccer 296 646 26 330 89 (88 to 90)
ice hockey 179 798 16 836 94 (92 to 95)
Volleyball 87 668 5 235 60 (58 to 61)
Basketball 39 541 3 472 88 (85 to 91)
Judo 9 936 1 163 117 (1 11 to 123)
Karate 8 102 1 150 142 (134to 150)([dagger]) Injuries per 1000 person years of exposure.
[TABULAR DATA 2 OMITTED]

The injury criteria remained similar throughout. The sports insurance covered all traumatic acute injuries during competitions and training. The injury criteria also included all injuries of sudden onset, such as those that usually have no clear external accidental cause--for example, muscular strains.

The insurance company paid the medical costs of treatment after the injured athlete completed the injury report and the treating physician the medical accident report. Data on each injury, based on the two reports, were entered into a computer database by means of a structured format. Before paying the medical costs the insurance company checked the two reports for agreement. In cases of disagreement or incomplete information the insurance company sought clarification. This increased the validity of the data. The structured format of each injury report included age at the time of injury, type of sports event, circumstance of injury (training or competition), type of injury and mechanism, and injured body part. Data on payments made as death benefits or permanent disability benefits after sports injuries were also recorded. The insurance company and the sports associations consented to our using the data (without personal identification codes).

Statistical analyses--For each sport we calculated injury rates per 1000 person years of exposure (plus 95% confidence intervals) by age and sex as well as by types of injuries, anatomical locations of the injuries, and circumstances of the injuries.

Results

A total of 54 186 acute sports injuries (48 256 in males, 5930 in females) were recorded during the five years of the study. Karate and judo had the highest injury rates, followed by ice hockey, soccer, and basketball. Volleyball had the lowest injury rate (table 1). In the team games 46-59% of the injuries occurred during competitions, whereas in judo and karate around 70% occurred in training (figure). From the data for 1990 and 1991 the injury rates were clearly highest among 20-24 year old athletes (table 2). Sex differences in injury rates were less obvious, though among 20-24 year olds men had a higher injury rate than women in each sport.

Most injuries were to the lower limbs in soccer (66.8%), volleyball (57.4%), and basketball (56.0%), whereas upper limb injuries were most common in judo (37.6%). Sites other than limbs, including the teeth, were injured most often in karate and ice hockey (table 3). Sprains, strains, and bruises were the most common types of injury (table 4). Non-dental fractures accounted for 4.0-10.8% of injuries overall, occurring most often in karate, judo, and ice hockey and least often in volleyball (table 4). Dislocations were proportionally more frequent in judo and karate (table 4).

[TABULAR DATA 3 to 4 OMITTED]

No death benefit for an accidental sports injury was awarded during the study. There was one neck fracture in an ice hockey player leading to tetraplegia. Benefit in respect of various degrees of permanent disability (that is, at least 5% disability) was awarded in 102 cases. Fifty nine of these occurred in soccer (0.22% of all soccer injuries), 24 in ice hockey (0.14%), 11 in volleyball (0.21%), four in basketball (0.11%), two in judo (0.17%), and two in karate (0.17%); 92 occurred in males and 68 during competitions. The most common injury was a sprain or strain (66 cases), while 16 injuries were fractures. The knee was the most common location for injuries resulting in permanent disability (64 cases).

Discussion

We have defined the acute injury profiles in six sports on the basis of 54 186 injuries examined by physicians and reported to a national sports insurance company. However, not all treated injuries are reported to the insurance company and many minor injuries that are self treated also go unreported. Thus our data underestimate the true injury rates in each sport.

The overall sex difference in injury risk was small but the age difference was clear. Athletes aged 20-24 years had the highest risk, probably because training and competition are most intense at this age. We did not have records on exact hours of exposure and so could not calculate the exact injury risk per hour of training or competition. Our findings agree with earlier reports that injuries in young team players are less frequent than in adults.[17 19] In judo the reason for the unexpectedly high injury rate among young girls was probably that as a minority group in many clubs they often have to train with boys and men. In adult team games entailing various types of bodily contact between athletes men probably train more but tend to have a rougher style than women. This also may partly explain the sex difference in injury risk.

Athletes usually spend far more time training than competing. About half of the injuries to team game athletes occurred in competitions. Hence competitions plainly entail a higher risk of injury per hour than training.

When the analysis of injury rates was restricted to 20-24 year old athletes only small differences were found between sports. The overall injury risk was lowest in volleyball and highest in ice hockey, judo, and karate. Our findings agree with other reports that violent bodily contact between athletes increases the risk of injury[20 21] but that use of protective equipment may reduce the difference in injury outcomes between sports. Comparison of injury rates with those in other studies is complicated by methodological differences. The ranking of injury risks in different sports may also vary with local circumstances in the study area, such as the age distribution and level of the teams playing. De Loes and Goldie reported that soccer players had a clearly higher injury risk than ice hockey players in one municipality in south west Sweden.[11] But our finding that the overall injury rate was higher in ice hockey players than footballers in Finland agrees with national data from Sweden.[22] In our study the differences in overall injury rates between the sports were partly explained by the differing age distributions of the athletes.

All the sports studied had higher acute injury rates than reported among endurance athletes.[23] During the study period participants in motor sports had similar compulsory national sports licence insurance. In 1990 and 1991 among male participants in various competitive motor sports the injury rate per 1000 person years of exposure was 182 (9 5% confidence interval 171 to 194) and was highest in the youngest age groups--to 278 (223 333) among participants aged under 15 and 245 (220 to 269) among 15-19 year olds. From 1987 to 1991 fractures other than dental accounted for 29% of all injuries to motor sports participants. These data confirm that the relative safety of junior sports is not extended to an types of motor sports.

The types and anatomical distribution of injuries, as well as the rarity of severe injuries, corresponded with earlier findings.[24] As expected, the most common injuries were sprains, strains, and bruises. As found in earlier studies, knee injury was the most common cause of permanent disability,[9] defined simply as an impairment of optimal function. Fractures seldom resulted in permanent disability, though the number of fractures (highest in ice hockey, judo, and karate) highlight the risk for high energy injuries.

High puck velocities, aggressive stick use, and body checking (collisions) account for most ice hockey injuries.[25] Catastrophic ice hockey injuries seem to be less frequent in Finland than North America,[26] possibly because of the larger rinks and less aggressive style in Europe. To avoid these injuries as far as possible, aggressive checking--particularly from behind the player and near the rink boards--should be minimised by game rules and strict refereeing.[25] Aggressive stick use may partly account for the high number of hand and wrist fractures in our study. Though facial injuries are common, they have declined with the more routine use of helmets and facemasks.[25] In ice hockey and many other sports mouth guards would substantially reduce dental injuries and should be designed according to the characteristics of each sport.

The injury profiles of the sports differed widely. To avoid injuries preventive measures should be specific to each sport. In general there should be greater focus on diminishing rough and violent contact between athletes.

Funding: Finnish Ministry of Education. Conflict of interest: None.

Key messages

* Sport and exercise benefit health but may also result in injury * Many sports injuries result from true accidents but others are preventable * Injury rates are low in child athletes and highest in young adults * Every sport has a specific injury profile * Preventive measures should be specific to the sport concerned and include those aimed at decreasing the number of violent contacts between athletes

[1] Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Kendrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary hart disease. Annu Rev Public Health 1987;8: 253-87. [2] Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991;325:147-52. [3] Sarna S, Sahi T, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:237-44. [4] Fentem PH. Benefits of exercise in health and disease. BMJ 1994;308:1291-5. [5] Torg JS, Vegso JJ, Sennelt B, Das M. The national football head and neck injury registry. JAMA 1985;254:3439-43. [6] Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S. Osteoarthritis of the weighthbearing joints of the lower limbs in former elite male athletes. BMJ 1994;308:231-4. [7] De Loes M. Medical treatment and costs of sports-related injuries in total population. In J Sports Med 1990;11:66-72. [8] Sadelin J, Santavirta S. Lattila R, Vuolle P, Sarna S. Sport injures in a large urban population: occurrence and epidemiologic aspects. Int J Sports Med 1987;8:61-6. [9] Inklaar H. Soccer injuries. I: incidence and severity. Sports Med 1994;18: 55-73. [10] Walter SD, Sutton JR, McIntosh JM, Connolly C. The aetiology of sport injuries. A review of methodologies. Sports Med 1985;2:47-58. [11] D, Loes M, Goldie I. Incidence rate of injuries during sport activity and physical exercise in a rural Swedish municipality: incidence rates in 17 sports. Int J Sports Med 1988;9:461-7. [12] McLatchie GR, Davies JE, Caulley JH. Injuries in karate--a case for medical control. J Trauma 1980;20:956-8. [13] Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF. Alpine ski injuries: changes through the years. Clin Sports Med 1982;1:181-97. [14] Sim FH, Simonet WT, Melton LJ, Lehn TA. Ice hockey injuries. Am J Sports Med 1987;15:86-96. [15] Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. The avoidability of soccer injuries. Int J Sports Med 1983;4:124-8. [16] Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Liljedahl SO. Prevention of soccer injuries. Supervision by doctor ad physiotherapist. Am J Sports Med 1983;11:116-20. [17] Hayes D. An injury profile for hockey. Canadian Journal of Applied Sports Science 1978;3:61-4. [18] Nilsson S, Rooas A. Soccer injuries in adolescents. Am J Sports Med 1978;6:358-61. [19] Baxter-Jones A, Maffulli N, Helms P. Low injury rates in elite athletes. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:130-2. [20] Backx FJG, Beijer HJM Bol E, Erich WBM. Injuries in high-risk persons and high-risk sports. Am J Sports Med 1991;19:124-30. [21] Watson AWS. Incidence and nature of sport, injuries in Ireland. Analysis of four type of sport. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:137-43. [22] Folksam. Sports injuries 1976-1983. Uddevalla, Sweden: Bohuslaningens Boktryckeri AB, 1985. (144 pages.) [23] Kujala UM, Nylund T, Taimela S. Acute injuries in orienteers. Int J Sports Med 1995;16:122-5. [24] Kujala UM, Heinonen OJ, Lehto M, Jarvinen M, Bergfeld JA. Equipment, drugs and problems of the competition and team physician. Sports Med 1988;6:197-209. [25] Daly PJ, Sim FH, Simonet WT. Ice hockey injuries. A review. Sports Med 1990;10:122-31. [26] Tator CH, Edmonds VE, Lapczak L, Tator IB. Spinal injuries in ice hockey players, 1966-1987. Can J Surg 1991;34:63-9.

(Accepted 5 October 1995)

Unit for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Toolo Sports Hall, Mannerheimintie 17, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland Urho M Kujala, chief physician Simo Taimela, research assistant Ilkka Antti-Poika, consultant orthopaedic surgeon Sakari Orava, consultant orthopaedc surgeon

Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki Risto Tuominen, senior researcher

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Center Hospital, FIN-00260 Helsinki Pertti Myllynen, senior lecturer in orthopaedics and traumatology

Correspondence to: Dr Kujala.

BMF1995;311:1465-8




Source Citation:Kujala, Urho M., Simo Taimela, ilkka Antti-Poika, Sakari Orava, Risto Tuominen, and Pertti Myllynen. "Acute injuries in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, and karate: analysis of national registry data." British Medical Journal 311.n7018 (Dec 2, 1995): 1465(4). Military and Intelligence Database. Gale. BROWARD COUNTY LIBRARY. 26 May 2009
.
Gale Document Number:A17925048

Disclaimer:This information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional care.



(Web-Page) http://judo.member2008.googlepages.com/

(Album / Profile) http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=10023&id=1661531726&l=792eaa11b1

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leonard.wilson2008@hotmail.com
Len Wilson


United States Judo Association - USJA

Judo

The growing popularity of sports and exercise is focusing attention on the injuries that may occur in addition to the health benefits.[1,6] Treating sports injuries may be expensive, so preventive strategies and measures are required on economic as well as medical grounds.[7-9] Several epidemiological surveys have outlined the frequency and types of injuries in various sports, but study comparisons are complicated by the different injury criteria used as well as by inconsistency in data collection and recording.[10] The risk of acute injury varies enormously. Most endurance sports are extremely safe, whereas formula 1 car racing killed 69 of a small group of drivers between 1950 and 1994. Injury rates in popular team games such as soccer, volleyball, basketball, and ice hockey lie between these extremes.[11] Martial arts such as judo and karate are also becoming popular, and the associated risks may be greater than in most team games.[11 12] Though endurance sports may cause the highest rates of stress injury, these rarely result in permanent disability.

Before embarking on a programme to prevent sports injuries we must first define the extent of the problem and identify the mechanisms and factors involved. Then we must introduce measures likely to reduce the risks and monitor their effects. Research shows that strategies to prevent sports injuries may be useful and that most interventions effective enough to measurably alter injury profiles in various sports entail changing rules or improving equipment.[5 13 14] In soccer, safety interventions and improved treatment of injuries and rehabilitation may prevent future injury.[15 16]

We analysed the types and severity of acute injuries in some common team games (soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball) as well as in judo and karate and compared the apparent injury risks between these sports. This information is crucial for prioritising measures in sports injury prevention.

Subjects and methods

From 1987 to 1991 anyone in Finland intending to compete in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, or karate was obliged to obtain a licence from the appropriate sports association. During the study period all licences issued to soccer and ice hockey players as well as those issued to judo and karate competitors were linked to an insurance policy from a single company (Pohjola Insurance Company Ltd) covering acute onset sports injuries. Among basketball players the insurance was not compulsory. For volleyball players the insurance was compulsory from 1987 to 1990 but not during 199 1. However, about two thirds of basketball and volleyball players had the insurance linked to their sports licence even when it was not compulsory. This study is therefore based on 621 691 person years of exposure among athletes with a sports licence linked to insurance (see table 1). Exact data on age and sex of the insured athletes at the beginning of each person year of exposure were available for 1990 and 1991 in all the sports except basketball. Thus the analysis of injury rates by age and sex was limited to five sports and two years (23 363 injuries during 250 291 person years of exposure; see table 2).

Table 1-Person years of exposure, numbers of injuries,
and injury rate in six sports in Finland (sports insurance
data 1987-91) Injury rate
Person years No of (95% confidence
Sport of exposure injuries interval)([dagger])Soccer 296 646 26 330 89 (88 to 90)
ice hockey 179 798 16 836 94 (92 to 95)
Volleyball 87 668 5 235 60 (58 to 61)
Basketball 39 541 3 472 88 (85 to 91)
Judo 9 936 1 163 117 (1 11 to 123)
Karate 8 102 1 150 142 (134to 150)([dagger]) Injuries per 1000 person years of exposure.
[TABULAR DATA 2 OMITTED]

The injury criteria remained similar throughout. The sports insurance covered all traumatic acute injuries during competitions and training. The injury criteria also included all injuries of sudden onset, such as those that usually have no clear external accidental cause--for example, muscular strains.

The insurance company paid the medical costs of treatment after the injured athlete completed the injury report and the treating physician the medical accident report. Data on each injury, based on the two reports, were entered into a computer database by means of a structured format. Before paying the medical costs the insurance company checked the two reports for agreement. In cases of disagreement or incomplete information the insurance company sought clarification. This increased the validity of the data. The structured format of each injury report included age at the time of injury, type of sports event, circumstance of injury (training or competition), type of injury and mechanism, and injured body part. Data on payments made as death benefits or permanent disability benefits after sports injuries were also recorded. The insurance company and the sports associations consented to our using the data (without personal identification codes).

Statistical analyses--For each sport we calculated injury rates per 1000 person years of exposure (plus 95% confidence intervals) by age and sex as well as by types of injuries, anatomical locations of the injuries, and circumstances of the injuries.

Results

A total of 54 186 acute sports injuries (48 256 in males, 5930 in females) were recorded during the five years of the study. Karate and judo had the highest injury rates, followed by ice hockey, soccer, and basketball. Volleyball had the lowest injury rate (table 1). In the team games 46-59% of the injuries occurred during competitions, whereas in judo and karate around 70% occurred in training (figure). From the data for 1990 and 1991 the injury rates were clearly highest among 20-24 year old athletes (table 2). Sex differences in injury rates were less obvious, though among 20-24 year olds men had a higher injury rate than women in each sport.

Most injuries were to the lower limbs in soccer (66.8%), volleyball (57.4%), and basketball (56.0%), whereas upper limb injuries were most common in judo (37.6%). Sites other than limbs, including the teeth, were injured most often in karate and ice hockey (table 3). Sprains, strains, and bruises were the most common types of injury (table 4). Non-dental fractures accounted for 4.0-10.8% of injuries overall, occurring most often in karate, judo, and ice hockey and least often in volleyball (table 4). Dislocations were proportionally more frequent in judo and karate (table 4).

[TABULAR DATA 3 to 4 OMITTED]

No death benefit for an accidental sports injury was awarded during the study. There was one neck fracture in an ice hockey player leading to tetraplegia. Benefit in respect of various degrees of permanent disability (that is, at least 5% disability) was awarded in 102 cases. Fifty nine of these occurred in soccer (0.22% of all soccer injuries), 24 in ice hockey (0.14%), 11 in volleyball (0.21%), four in basketball (0.11%), two in judo (0.17%), and two in karate (0.17%); 92 occurred in males and 68 during competitions. The most common injury was a sprain or strain (66 cases), while 16 injuries were fractures. The knee was the most common location for injuries resulting in permanent disability (64 cases).

Discussion

We have defined the acute injury profiles in six sports on the basis of 54 186 injuries examined by physicians and reported to a national sports insurance company. However, not all treated injuries are reported to the insurance company and many minor injuries that are self treated also go unreported. Thus our data underestimate the true injury rates in each sport.

The overall sex difference in injury risk was small but the age difference was clear. Athletes aged 20-24 years had the highest risk, probably because training and competition are most intense at this age. We did not have records on exact hours of exposure and so could not calculate the exact injury risk per hour of training or competition. Our findings agree with earlier reports that injuries in young team players are less frequent than in adults.[17 19] In judo the reason for the unexpectedly high injury rate among young girls was probably that as a minority group in many clubs they often have to train with boys and men. In adult team games entailing various types of bodily contact between athletes men probably train more but tend to have a rougher style than women. This also may partly explain the sex difference in injury risk.

Athletes usually spend far more time training than competing. About half of the injuries to team game athletes occurred in competitions. Hence competitions plainly entail a higher risk of injury per hour than training.

When the analysis of injury rates was restricted to 20-24 year old athletes only small differences were found between sports. The overall injury risk was lowest in volleyball and highest in ice hockey, judo, and karate. Our findings agree with other reports that violent bodily contact between athletes increases the risk of injury[20 21] but that use of protective equipment may reduce the difference in injury outcomes between sports. Comparison of injury rates with those in other studies is complicated by methodological differences. The ranking of injury risks in different sports may also vary with local circumstances in the study area, such as the age distribution and level of the teams playing. De Loes and Goldie reported that soccer players had a clearly higher injury risk than ice hockey players in one municipality in south west Sweden.[11] But our finding that the overall injury rate was higher in ice hockey players than footballers in Finland agrees with national data from Sweden.[22] In our study the differences in overall injury rates between the sports were partly explained by the differing age distributions of the athletes.

All the sports studied had higher acute injury rates than reported among endurance athletes.[23] During the study period participants in motor sports had similar compulsory national sports licence insurance. In 1990 and 1991 among male participants in various competitive motor sports the injury rate per 1000 person years of exposure was 182 (9 5% confidence interval 171 to 194) and was highest in the youngest age groups--to 278 (223 333) among participants aged under 15 and 245 (220 to 269) among 15-19 year olds. From 1987 to 1991 fractures other than dental accounted for 29% of all injuries to motor sports participants. These data confirm that the relative safety of junior sports is not extended to an types of motor sports.

The types and anatomical distribution of injuries, as well as the rarity of severe injuries, corresponded with earlier findings.[24] As expected, the most common injuries were sprains, strains, and bruises. As found in earlier studies, knee injury was the most common cause of permanent disability,[9] defined simply as an impairment of optimal function. Fractures seldom resulted in permanent disability, though the number of fractures (highest in ice hockey, judo, and karate) highlight the risk for high energy injuries.

High puck velocities, aggressive stick use, and body checking (collisions) account for most ice hockey injuries.[25] Catastrophic ice hockey injuries seem to be less frequent in Finland than North America,[26] possibly because of the larger rinks and less aggressive style in Europe. To avoid these injuries as far as possible, aggressive checking--particularly from behind the player and near the rink boards--should be minimised by game rules and strict refereeing.[25] Aggressive stick use may partly account for the high number of hand and wrist fractures in our study. Though facial injuries are common, they have declined with the more routine use of helmets and facemasks.[25] In ice hockey and many other sports mouth guards would substantially reduce dental injuries and should be designed according to the characteristics of each sport.

The injury profiles of the sports differed widely. To avoid injuries preventive measures should be specific to each sport. In general there should be greater focus on diminishing rough and violent contact between athletes.

Funding: Finnish Ministry of Education. Conflict of interest: None.

Key messages

* Sport and exercise benefit health but may also result in injury * Many sports injuries result from true accidents but others are preventable * Injury rates are low in child athletes and highest in young adults * Every sport has a specific injury profile * Preventive measures should be specific to the sport concerned and include those aimed at decreasing the number of violent contacts between athletes

[1] Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Kendrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary hart disease. Annu Rev Public Health 1987;8: 253-87. [2] Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991;325:147-52. [3] Sarna S, Sahi T, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:237-44. [4] Fentem PH. Benefits of exercise in health and disease. BMJ 1994;308:1291-5. [5] Torg JS, Vegso JJ, Sennelt B, Das M. The national football head and neck injury registry. JAMA 1985;254:3439-43. [6] Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S. Osteoarthritis of the weighthbearing joints of the lower limbs in former elite male athletes. BMJ 1994;308:231-4. [7] De Loes M. Medical treatment and costs of sports-related injuries in total population. In J Sports Med 1990;11:66-72. [8] Sadelin J, Santavirta S. Lattila R, Vuolle P, Sarna S. Sport injures in a large urban population: occurrence and epidemiologic aspects. Int J Sports Med 1987;8:61-6. [9] Inklaar H. Soccer injuries. I: incidence and severity. Sports Med 1994;18: 55-73. [10] Walter SD, Sutton JR, McIntosh JM, Connolly C. The aetiology of sport injuries. A review of methodologies. Sports Med 1985;2:47-58. [11] D, Loes M, Goldie I. Incidence rate of injuries during sport activity and physical exercise in a rural Swedish municipality: incidence rates in 17 sports. Int J Sports Med 1988;9:461-7. [12] McLatchie GR, Davies JE, Caulley JH. Injuries in karate--a case for medical control. J Trauma 1980;20:956-8. [13] Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF. Alpine ski injuries: changes through the years. Clin Sports Med 1982;1:181-97. [14] Sim FH, Simonet WT, Melton LJ, Lehn TA. Ice hockey injuries. Am J Sports Med 1987;15:86-96. [15] Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. The avoidability of soccer injuries. Int J Sports Med 1983;4:124-8. [16] Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Liljedahl SO. Prevention of soccer injuries. Supervision by doctor ad physiotherapist. Am J Sports Med 1983;11:116-20. [17] Hayes D. An injury profile for hockey. Canadian Journal of Applied Sports Science 1978;3:61-4. [18] Nilsson S, Rooas A. Soccer injuries in adolescents. Am J Sports Med 1978;6:358-61. [19] Baxter-Jones A, Maffulli N, Helms P. Low injury rates in elite athletes. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:130-2. [20] Backx FJG, Beijer HJM Bol E, Erich WBM. Injuries in high-risk persons and high-risk sports. Am J Sports Med 1991;19:124-30. [21] Watson AWS. Incidence and nature of sport, injuries in Ireland. Analysis of four type of sport. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:137-43. [22] Folksam. Sports injuries 1976-1983. Uddevalla, Sweden: Bohuslaningens Boktryckeri AB, 1985. (144 pages.) [23] Kujala UM, Nylund T, Taimela S. Acute injuries in orienteers. Int J Sports Med 1995;16:122-5. [24] Kujala UM, Heinonen OJ, Lehto M, Jarvinen M, Bergfeld JA. Equipment, drugs and problems of the competition and team physician. Sports Med 1988;6:197-209. [25] Daly PJ, Sim FH, Simonet WT. Ice hockey injuries. A review. Sports Med 1990;10:122-31. [26] Tator CH, Edmonds VE, Lapczak L, Tator IB. Spinal injuries in ice hockey players, 1966-1987. Can J Surg 1991;34:63-9.

(Accepted 5 October 1995)

Unit for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Toolo Sports Hall, Mannerheimintie 17, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland Urho M Kujala, chief physician Simo Taimela, research assistant Ilkka Antti-Poika, consultant orthopaedic surgeon Sakari Orava, consultant orthopaedc surgeon

Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki Risto Tuominen, senior researcher

Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Center Hospital, FIN-00260 Helsinki Pertti Myllynen, senior lecturer in orthopaedics and traumatology

Correspondence to: Dr Kujala.

BMF1995;311:1465-8




Source Citation:Kujala, Urho M., Simo Taimela, ilkka Antti-Poika, Sakari Orava, Risto Tuominen, and Pertti Myllynen. "Acute injuries in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, and karate: analysis of national registry data." British Medical Journal 311.n7018 (Dec 2, 1995): 1465(4). Military and Intelligence Database. Gale. BROWARD COUNTY LIBRARY. 26 May 2009
.
Gale Document Number:A17925048

Disclaimer:This information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional care.



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